![]() T2 B cells differentiate into either follicular (FO) B cells or marginal zone (MZ) B cells depending on signals received through the BCR and other receptors. Within the spleen, T1 B cells transition to T2 B cells. Throughout their migration to the spleen and after spleen entry, they are considered T1 B cells. To complete development, immature B cells migrate from the bone marrow into the spleen as transitional B cells, passing through two transitional stages: T1 and T2. This negative selection process leads to a state of central tolerance, in which the mature B cells do not bind self antigens present in the bone marrow. Negative selection occurs through the binding of self-antigen with the BCR if the BCR can bind strongly to self-antigen, then the B cell undergoes one of four fates: clonal deletion, receptor editing, anergy, or ignorance (B cell ignores signal and continues development). If these receptors do not bind to their ligand, B cells do not receive the proper signals and cease to develop. Positive selection occurs through antigen-independent signalling involving both the pre-BCR and the BCR. Early B cell development: from stem cell to immature B cellī cells undergo two types of selection while developing in the bone marrow to ensure proper development, both involving B cell receptors (BCR) on the surface of the cell. From here, their development into B cells occurs in several stages (shown in image to the right), each marked by various gene expression patterns and immunoglobulin H chain and L chain gene loci arrangements, the latter due to B cells undergoing V(D)J recombination as they develop. HSCs first differentiate into multipotent progenitor (MPP) cells, then common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells. Development ī cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that originate from bone marrow. B cell receptors are extremely specific, with all BCRs on a B cell recognizing the same epitope. BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a foreign antigen, against which it will initiate an antibody response. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius, a lymphoid organ where they were first discovered by Chang and Glick, which is why the 'B' stands for bursa and not bone marrow as commonly believed.ī cells, unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes, T cells and natural killer cells, express B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane. In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. Additionally, B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines. When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell. B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of B-cell receptors. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. ![]() ![]() Basic B cell function: bind to an antigen, receive help from a cognate helper T cell, and differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes large amounts of antibodies 3D rendering of a B cellī cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. ![]()
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